Specific commitments undertaken by States under specific conventions with regard to the protection and conservation of the marine environment should be respected in a manner consistent with the general principles and objectives of this Convention. The Convention introduced a number of provisions. The main topics covered were boundary definition, navigation, archipelago status and transit regimes, exclusive economic zones (EEZs), continental shelf liability, deep-sea mining, exploitation regime, protection of the marine environment, scientific research and dispute settlement. notify States parties of agreements concluded under article 311, paragraph 4; All States cooperate in the fight against illicit trafficking in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances committed by ships on the high seas, in violation of international conventions. 110 With regard to the regional conventions on the law of the sea and the UNEP regional seas programme, see, inter alia, . See also R Bille, L Chabason, P Drankier, EJ Molenaar and J Rochette, Regional Oceans Governance: Making Regional Seas Programmes, Regional Fishery Bodies and Large Marine Ecosystem Mechanisms Work Better Together. Sanctions imposed by coastal States for violations of fisheries laws and regulations in the exclusive economic zone shall not include deprivation of liberty, unless the States concerned have agreed otherwise, or any other form of corporal punishment. When assessing whether or how an arrest should be made, local authorities shall take due account of the interests of navigation. The provisions of this Convention and specific agreements relating to the exercise of the right of access to and from the sea with a view to establishing rights and facilities based on the specific geographical location of landlocked States shall be excluded from the application of the most-favoured-nation clause.

In 1960, the United Nations held the Second Conference on the Law of the Sea (“UNCLOS II”); However, the six-week Geneva conference did not result in new agreements. [12] In general, developing and Third World countries have participated only as customers, allies or nationals of the United States or the Soviet Union, without significant voice on their part. [14] This Article is without prejudice to the definition of the outer limits of the continental shelf in accordance with Part VI or to the validity of demarcation agreements between States with opposite or neighbouring coasts. The rights and obligations related to unfair economic practices under the relevant multilateral trade agreements apply to the exploration and exploitation of minerals in the region. In order to settle disputes arising out of this provision, States Parties that are parties to such multilateral trade agreements shall have recourse to the dispute settlement procedures provided for in those agreements. In the early 20th century, some countries expressed a desire to expand national demands: to include mineral resources, to protect fish stocks, and to provide the means to enforce pollution controls. (The League of Nations convened a conference in The Hague in 1930, but no agreement was reached. [6]) Using the customary international principle of a nation`s right to protect its natural resources, President Harry S. Truman in 1945 controlled by the United States over all the natural resources of its continental shelf. Other nations quickly followed suit.

Between 1946 and 1950, Chile, Peru and Ecuador extended their rights to a distance of 200 nautical miles (370 km) to cover their humboldt River fishing grounds. Other countries have extended their territorial waters to 12 nautical miles (22 km). [7] This Article is without prejudice to international agreements expressly permitted or preserved by other Articles of this Convention. promote favourable conditions for the conclusion of agreements, contracts and similar agreements on reasonable and reasonable terms; NOAA is responsible for depicting on its nautical charts the boundaries of the 12-nautical-mile coastal sea, the 24-nautical-mile contiguous zone and the 200-nautical-mile exclusive economic zone (EEZ). Each of these maritime areas is projected from a “normal baseline” derived from NOAA nautical charts. A “normal baseline” is defined under the law of the sea as the low water mark along the coast, as indicated on officially recognized large-scale maps, or the lowest date mapped, which in the United States means that it is low water (MLLW). The method for reaching this starting point is described in the 1958 Convention and the 1982 Convention. Normal reference levels in the United States are ambulatory and subject to changes such as accretion (adding land) and erosion. If the offshore boundary or area is not defined, it may change accordingly. This Convention is without prejudice to the rights and obligations of States Parties under other agreements consistent with this Convention which are without prejudice to the enjoyment of the rights of other States Parties or the fulfilment of their obligations under this Convention.

When negotiating agreements under articles 69 and 70, States Parties shall include, unless they agree otherwise, a clause on the measures they take to minimize the possibility of disagreement on the interpretation or application of the agreement and on how to proceed if a disagreement nevertheless arises. Foreign nuclear-powered ships and ships carrying nuclear substances or other inherently dangerous or noxious substances must be accompanied by documents when exercising the right of peaceful passage through the territorial sea and observe the special precautions provided for such ships in international agreements. Two or more Contracting States may conclude agreements amending or suspending the application of provisions of this Convention which are applicable exclusively to relations between them, provided that such agreements do not relate to a provision from which a derogation is made which is incompatible with the effective implementation of the object and purpose of this Convention, and that such agreements may also affect the application of the provisions of this Convention. leave without prejudice to the basic principles set out; and that the provisions of these Conventions do not affect the enjoyment of the rights of other States Parties or the performance of their obligations under this Convention. The terms and conditions of such participation shall be determined by the States concerned by means of bilateral, subregional or regional agreements, taking into account, inter alia: If all Parties to a treaty or convention already in force concerning the subject matter covered by this Convention agree, any dispute concerning the interpretation or application of this Treaty or this Convention may, in accordance with this Treaty or this Convention, the Agreement shall be referred to the Court of Justice. Without prejudice to article 49, an archipelagic State shall respect existing agreements with other States and recognize the traditional fishing rights and other legal activities of neighbouring States in certain areas belonging to the waters of the archipelago. The conditions for the exercise of such rights and activities, including the nature, scope and areas to which they apply, shall be governed by bilateral agreements between them at the request of one of the States concerned. These rights shall not be transferred or shared with third countries or their nationals.

the extent to which the landlocked country participates in the exploitation of the living resources of the exclusive economic zones of other coastal States in accordance with this article or is authorized to do so under existing bilateral, subregional or regional agreements; Each State shall take effective measures to prevent and punish the carriage of slaves on ships entitled to fly its flag and to prevent the illicit use of its flag for that purpose.